María Candelaria

    Movie Poster
    Release year
    1944
    Director
    Emilio Fernández
    Biography of director(s)
    Emilio Fernández Romo, also known as "The Indian", is possibly the most well-known name in all of Mexican cinematography. Born March 26, 1904, his father was a general and his mother was a member of the Kickapoo tribe. Because of his mother he incorporated indigenous culture throughout his work and represented the indigenous people on the big screen. When he was young he fought in the Mexican Revolution (1910-1917) and was imprisoned, though he eventually escaped.
    Fernández returned to Mexico in 1933 and in 1943 directed his first successful movie, Flor Silvestre, which starred Dolores del Río. The next year, in 1944, he directed his greatest work María Candelaria, which won him many awards, prestige, and status as one of the greatest filmmakers in Mexican history. This film presented the spirit of the Mexican national identity and captivated audiences. Fernández continued working in film until the last years of his life, when he was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in 1976 and served six months in prison. After his imprisonment he directed two more films and then retired before dying of malaria on August 6, 1986. Throughout his life he directed an amazing total of 42 movies.
    Fun fact: It is rumored that the Oscar award is modeled after Emilio Fernández!
    Country
    Mexico
    Original synopsis of the film

    The film begins with a scene of a reporter repeatedly questioning an artist about one of their paintings, a work depicting a nude indigenous woman named María Candelaria. The film then begins a flashback which takes place in Xochimilco, México, where most of the film takes place. María Candelaria and her lover, an honest man named Lorenzo Rafael, want to get married despite fierce competition from Lupe, another lover of Lorenzo, and hostility from Don Damián, the local merchant and exploiter of indigenous women. In order to raise money the young couple raise a pig, which Don Damián kills. Don Damián, determined to destroy the couple's relationship, does not give María the medicine she needs to combat malaria. Furious, Lorenzo breaks into his store and steals the medicine, which leads to his imprisonment. In order to raise money for bail, María agrees to model for a painter who eventually asks her to take off her clothes. María refuses and leaves. The painter completes the naked image with another woman, and the finished product, the one the audience sees at the beginning of the movie, is seen by everyone in Xochimilco, who think it is María Candelaria. An angry mob of townspeople chase María and stone her to death at the foot of the prison which holds Lorenzo. Miraculously, Lorenzo escapes the prison and hears the last words of María. He carries her body to the "Canal de los Muertos", the Channel of the Dead.


     

    Film Awards
    Palme d'Or (1946)
    Ariel Award for Best Cinematography (1946)
    Film still
    Film Still

    Describes the setting of a scene in a play or a film. It refers to everything placed on the stage or in front of the camera—including people. In other words, mise en scène is a catch-all for everything that contributes to the visual presentation and overall “look” of a production. When translated from French, it means “placing on stage.”

    Setting
    Setting
    Explanation
    In the first scene when we were introduced to María Candelaria, we can see María approach her community in a boat. This scene utilizes the space, the clothes, and the light to communicate that María is the protagonist of the movie, and therefore we are supposed to support her as an audience. Throughout the scene there is much distance between María and her community. The water is a physical barrier that represents the tense relationship, both in the present and in the future. This separation precedes all of the violence and disconnect between the two groups.
    Film Still
    La escena donde Maria llega por la primera vez a su comunidad.
    Props
    Lighting
    Explanation
    Overhead Lighting
    Lorenzo, dressed in all white, is illumined by the bright sun high in the sky, while the shadow of the cross from the top of the church is seen in front of him. This type of overhead and harsh lighting (of the sun) and the resulting shadows enhance the melodramatic essence of the movie, since it emphasizes the fervor of this frame, in which Lorenzo appears before god in the hope that he and María can marry, despite their adversity.
    Timecode
    30:08
    Film Still
    Overhead Lighting - Lorenzo in Front of the Church
    Costume
    Costume
    The Representations of the Clothing
    Explanation
    The costumes throughout the film are representative of many things – the most notable are the representation of social status and good versus evil. In this frame, we can see the contrast between María’s tattered clothing, which represents her lower social status, compared to the other woman who is well dressed with flowers adorning her hair. Furthermore, we can see that the priest, along with the protagonist Lorenzo, are dressed in white to represent their purity and goodness, while Don Damián is dressed in black, hinting at his evil nature.
    Timecode
    45:41
    Film Still
    Scene with contrasting costumes
    Hair and Makeup
    Example
    Representation of the Indigenous Population
    Explanation
    María enters the scene surrounded by white flowers and a white dress, which invokes the symbol of the Virgin Mary. Even though María is part of the indigenous community, she is a protagonist, and so the audience is bound to support her. Since the community is opposite and distant from her it is the antagonist. In the film frame the crowd of people densely packed along the riverbank appear to be part of the actual shoreline, and seem to blend in with the trees and natural geography. The loyalties of the audience are reinforced by the mixing of the community with nature and their association with darker colors, almost as if the portrayal of light and dark communicates a correlation with something positive and/or negative. The movie invokes stereotypes associated with indigenous people – like nature and dark colors – to communicate antagonistic status. There is a negative association with the indigenous even though this film is supposed to represent the culture and history of the indigenous population. And beyond that, even though the audience is supposed to take María’s side, the representation of her is still problematic in that her autonomy is robbed and she is reduced to labels in her community. This is made evident by her vilification in life and sanctification in death.
    Film Still
    The scene in which María enters her community for the first time
    Figure Behavior
    Example
    María Candelaria and the Virgin María
    Explanation
    Since this is a melodrama, the actors in this movie exaggerate their gestures and facial expressions to appeal to the audience’s emotions, as seen in this still with María and the Virgin Mary. Evident from her facial expression, a desperate María expresses her disgust to the Virgin Mary, yelling that she doesn’t help her at all. At the same time, however, María keeps her hands close to her body in a reserved manner, acknowledging her respect for the Virgin even while reprimanding her. The priest eventually enters and the moment ends.
    Timecode
    1:10:55
    Film Still
    María Candelaria scolding the Virgin Mary
    Representative Clip

    This is the art of photography and visual storytelling in a motion picture or television show. Cinematography comprises all on-screen visual elements, including lighting, framing, composition, camera motion, camera angles, film selection, lens choices, depth of field, zoom, focus, color, exposure, and filtration. Cinematography sets and supports the overall look and mood of a film’s visual narrative. Each visual element that appears on screen, a.k.a. the mise-en-scène of a film, can serve and enhance the story—so it is the cinematographer’s responsibility to ensure that every element is cohesive and support the story. Filmmakers often choose to spend the majority of their budget on high-quality cinematography to guarantee that the film will look incredible on the big screen.

    Point of View
    Quality
    Quality
    Comments
    La película está en blanco y negro, por lo que es muy claro dónde las escenas tienen un marcado contraste con el fondo circundante y otros elementos de la foto. Un elemento fundamental que contribuye al contraste es la iluminación. Como se ve en este fotograma, María está muy enferma de malaria y es iluminada por la única fuente de luz en la cabaña (el fuego), dejando a María encendida mientras todo permanece en la oscuridad, incluido Lorenzo Rafael, enfatizando su estado de sufrimiento y su importancia, ya que Lorenzo Rafael inmediatamente le roba a Don Damián la quinina para salvar a María.
    Timecode
    59:31
    Film Still
    María Candelaria está enferma de malaria.
    Framing
    Framing
    Comments
    En la película, el ángulo bajo se utiliza con mucha eficacia y frecuencia, un elemento básico de las películas de Emilio Fernández. Este tipo de encuadre se utiliza a menudo en el protagonista, en este caso Lorenzo Rafael, para presentarlo como prominente y poderoso, aunque este no es necesariamente el caso. Por ejemplo, esta sigue siendo la primera vez en la película en la que Lorenzo Rafael aparece ante la cámara y es retratado como una figura predominante, a pesar de que el público descubre más adelante en la película que es un hombre relativamente pobre y trabajador. El ángulo bajo sirve simultáneamente como una herramienta psicológica para que el público se sienta más involucrado con la película.
    Timecode
    15:02
    Film Still
    Lorenzo Rafael de ángulo bajo
    Framing
    Comments
    En unas de las escenas finales, Maria estaba hablando con Lorenzo, su amante, cuando él estaba en la cárcel. En su conversación, la cámara se convierte entre los dos, pero solo presenta la toma en primer plano extremo de Maria.
    También, la escena tiene tiro de contador de las tomas. Sin embargo, cuando la cámara está en Lorenzo, no está directamente a la cara. Solo hay una parte rápido cuando miramos Lorenzo en un primer plano extremo, pero todo eso de la escena está en primer plano. Aunque las tomas son en primer plano, las tomas con Lorenzo está detrás del hombro de una guardia de la policía. Este toma inspira un sentimiento de la audiencia que estamos en la escena, mirar la conversación entre los dos detrás de alguien.
    Ya que esta escena está en su mayoría Maria en sus primeros planos extremos, su cara y sus emociones son el enfoque de la escena. Aunque Lorenzo es el que está en la cárcel, ella está entre barras en la toma. Esta imagen crea un sentimiento de estar atrapado, y las emociones de su cara se comunica la desesperación y amor que ella tiene por su amante. No miramos a Lorenzo en el mismo sentimiento, así la audiencia recibe un entendimiento que él tiene más poder que ella, el resultado del tema del patriarcado en la película. También, la imagen de Maria entre las rejas presagia su destino final de la muerte.
    Timecode
    1:19:10-1:20:30
    Film Still
    La toma es en primer plano, detrás del hombre de Lorenzo y Maria en su conversación cuando él estaba en el cárcel.
    Esta toma es en la misma escena, pero es la toma que sola enfoca en la cara de Maria.
    Scale
    Scale
    Comments
    La película tiene muchas escalas diferentes, pero una de las más utilizadas es el primer plano. El primer plano se usa MUY frecuentemente cuando María (Dolores del Río) entra en el encuadre. En el contexto del Cine Latinoamericano de la época, los primeros planos resaltan la belleza de Dolores del Río, uno de los primeros productos del “Star System”. En cuanto a la película, los primeros planos a un aspecto simbólico de María, ya que la acentuada belleza exterior de ella también refuerza la belleza interior de ella, ser una mujer trabajadora, honesta que vende flores (profesión estereotipada de “bella”) . Irónicamente, al final de la película, la gente de Xochimilco no encontró como una mujer muy "hermosa", al menos por dentro.
    Timecode
    15:15
    Film Still
    Primer plano de María Candelaria
    Movement
    Comments
    La cámara tiene una toma directa, pero Maria está mirando hacia arriba que crea un efecto de un ángulo bajo. Este efecto crea un sentimiento de desequilibrio de poder entre Maria, Lorenzo y la audiencia. Hay poco o nada movimiento de la cámara, aunque cada escena se mueve entre las tomas medias rápidas.

    Editing is the process of putting a film together–the selection and arrangement of shots and scenes. Editing can condense space and time, emphasize separate elements and bring them together, and organize material in such a way that patterns of meaning become apparent. In addition, editing can determine how a film is perceived: for instance, quick, rapid cuts can create a feeling of tension, while a long take can create a more dramatic effect. The first photoplays generally had no cutting, owing to the fact that they were single-reel films; once filming began, you could not stop until the film ran out. (https://filmglossary.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/term/editing/)

    Coherence, Continuity, and Rhythym
    Comments
    Ritmo y los ritmos de paso para la escena de María cruzando al rio: esta es una escena muy lenta y prolongada. Así como María debe atravesar el flujo del río para llegar al otro lado, el público también debe experimentar el flujo natural de longitud de un viaje en bote para llegar a la siguiente escena. La acción dentro de la escena se limita a obligar a la audiencia a centrarse en los personajes mismos y en cómo están posicionados y retratados. Mientras observamos a María trabajando diligentemente para llegar al otro lado del río y unirse con su gente, al otro lado de ese río, vemos a la comunidad indígena con caras muy duras y frías. Hay una tensión que se va construyendo entre ellos a medida que pasa más tiempo con María remando constantemente y la comunidad mirándola con desprecio.
    Film Still
    La escena de Maria cruzando al rio
    Editing Style
    Editing Style
    Comments
    Propósito de la edición para la escena de la lapidación: En esta escena, vemos a María ser lapidada mientras Lorenzo lucha por llegar a ella. La transversal se utiliza para enfatizar la urgencia de la situación mientras Lorenzo intenta desesperadamente salvarla. Hacerlo genera suspenso mientras la audiencia se pregunta si llegará a tiempo. La transversal se complementa con la música dramática y llena de suspenso. La tensión aumenta cuando María huye y Lorenzo intenta escapar, llegando finalmente a un clímax cuando ella es finalmente asesinada.
    Film Still
    La escena de la lapidación
    Transitions
    Comments
    Técnicas de transición para la escena de la escultura: En esta escena, una escultura de una mujer indígena se transforma gradualmente en María Candelaria. La transformación del arte en María habla de varias caracterizaciones del protagonista. Por un lado, resalta la belleza percibida de María. Se la compara con una obra de arte, enfatizando su atractivo. Además, la escultura es propiedad de la artista, de quien luego nos enteramos de los deseos de poseer a María y, más concretamente, de su figura. Por eso, la escena de la escultura también presagia cómo María se convertirá simbólicamente en propiedad del artista cuando este se adueñe de su cuerpo sin su permiso. Además, la escultura es representativa de la objetivación de la comunidad indígena. Cuando se introduce en la escena, se presenta entre una miríada de otras obras de arte en la colección de un hombre blanco que está siendo estudiado y recibiendo valor de otros hombres blancos. Cuando el rostro de María brota de la escultura, simboliza su propio estatus, y el de las mujeres indígenas en su conjunto, en la sociedad bajo la mirada y subjetivación de la sociedad masculina blanca.
    Film Still
    La escena de la escultura
    Match
    Expansion and Compression of Time
    Editing General Comments

    Sound is an integral part in a film. It refers to everything that the audience hears including sound effects, words and music. Sound is used in films for various purposes, including: providing the information to the viewer about the location of the scene, heightening the mood, telling the audience about the characters and advancing the plot. Every person who watches a film realizes that the choice of voices, soundtrack and music present in a film affect the way that the viewer perceives a particular film. As a result, the sound is an important and integral element of the film, one that determines the way that the viewer experiences and understands a film as a visual experience.

    Sound Type

    Narrative analysis is an examination of the story elements, including narrative structure, character, and plot. A narrative can be considered to be the chain of events in a cause-effect relationship occurring in time and space. In order to analyze the narrative of a film, we need to first make the distinction between the plot of the film and the story of the film. This is sometimes referred to as the discourse and story of a film. Narrative may also be called the story thought story mainly refers to the events that describe the narrative.

    Plot Comments
    Story Comments
    Narrator Type
    Narrative Structure

    Film genres are various forms or identifiable types, categories, classifications or groups of films. (Genre comes from the French word meaning "kind," "category," or "type"). These provide a convenient way for scriptwriters and film-makers to produce, cast and structure their narratives within a manageable, well-defined framework. Genres also offer the studios an easily 'marketable' product, and give audiences satisfying, expected and predictable choices. Genres refers to recurring, repeating and similar, familiar or instantly-recognizable patterns, styles, themes, syntax, templates, paradigms, motifs, rules or generic conventions.

    Category
    Category
    Comments
    Bibliografía:
    Fink, Agustin J, Emilio Fernández, Mauricio Magdaleno, Rio D. Del, Pedro Armendáriz, Alberto Galan, Gabriel Figueroa, Gloria Schoemann, and Francisco Dominguez. María Candelaria (Xochimilco). Chicago, Ill.: Distributed by Facets Multimedia, 1997.